Includes bibliographical references and index.

Legal competence to establish MPAS within national jurisdiction and on the high seas -- From a functional to a holistic approach -- Pre-LOS Convention : principles in customary law -- The traditional approach of the LOS Convention to protect and preserve the marine environment and to conserve living resources -- Developments since 1982 : the obligations to protect and conserve marine biodiversity -- Global obligations on conservation of marine biological diversity -- Regional obligations and implementation of obligations on conservation of marine biodiversity -- Conclusions -- Legal obligations to establish MPAS - introductory remarks -- The LOS Convention and establishment and management of MPAS -- Is there a legal duty to establish MPAS under the CBD? -- When is there a legal obligation under the CBD to establish MPAS? -- The management of MPAS under the CBD convention -- The OSPAR Convention and MPAs -- MPAs under the Arctic Council -- The relationship between the CBD and the LOS Convention : conflicting norms and mechanisms for solving them -- Regulation of navigation in MPAS -- Specially designated areas to protect the marine environment against impact of international shipping activities.

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