Includes bibliographical references and index.

1 Putting PNR Data into Context -- Privacy and Personal Data Protection in the EU and in the US -- Introduction -- 1 Mapping Privacy and Protection of Personal Data -- 1.1 Façades of Privacy -- 1.2 Tracing Privacy from Antiquity to Modernity in the Doctrine -- 1.3 Protection of Personal Data: Intersection of Technology and Information -- 2 Privacy and Personal Data Protection Regimes in the EU and in the US -- 2.1 Privacy and Protection of Personal Data in the EU -- 2.1.1 Protections under the ECHR -- 2.1.1.1 Privacy and the ECHR -- 2.1.1.2 Personal Data Protection and the ECHR -- 2.1.2 Protections under the Charter -- 2.1.2.1 Privacy and the Charter -- 2.1.2.2 Personal Data Protection and the Charter -- 2.1.2.2.1 The Fundamental Right to Data Protection -- 2.1.2.2.2 What Qualifies as an Interference with the Fundamental Right of Data Protection? -- 2.2 Privacy and Protection of Personal Data in the US -- 2.2.1 Privacy Protection under the Fourth Amendment -- 2.2.2 Privacy Protection under Federal Statutes -- Conclusion -- 2 Right to Privacy and Right to Protection of Personal Data under the ECHR and the Charter -- Introduction -- 1 Judicial Assessment by the European Court of Human Rights -- 1.1 Interferences by Measures to Counter Terrorism and Serious Crime -- 1.1.1 Interception of Electronic Communications -- 1.1.1.1 Interception of Electronic Communications for National Security Purposes -- 1.1.1.2 Interception of Electronic Communications in the Context of Prevention and Investigations of Crimes -- 1.1.2 Information Collection -- 1.1.2.1 Information Collection for National Security Purposes -- 1.1.2.2 Information Collection in the Context of Prevention and Investigations of Crimes -- 1.1.3 Information Transfer -- 1.2 Compatibility with the Right to Privacy -- 1.2.1 In Accordance with the Law -- 1.2.1.1 Foreseeability Requirement for the Telecommunications Interception in the Context of Criminal Investigations.

1.2.1.2 Foreseeability Requirement for the Telecommunications Interception for the Interests of National Security -- 1.2.1.2.1 Foreseeability in Relation to the Nature of Offences -- 1.2.1.2.2 Foreseeability in Relation to the Target Group -- 1.2.1.2.3 Foreseeability in Relation to the Procedural Safeguards -- 1.2.1.3 Foreseeability Requirement for Information Collection -- 1.2.2 Legitimate Aim -- 1.2.3 Requirement of Being Necessary in a Democratic Society -- 1.2.3.1 The 'Necessity' Test for Telecommunications Interception -- 1.2.3.2 The 'Necessity' Test for Information Collection -- 1.2.3.3 The 'Necessity' Test for Information Transfer -- 2 Judicial Assessment of the Court of Justice of the European Union -- 2.1 Interferences by Measures to Counter Terrorism and Serious Crime -- 2.2 Nature of the Interference -- 2.3 Limitations under the Charter -- 2.3.1 Provided for by Law -- 2.3.2 The Respect of the Essence of the Rights -- 2.3.3 Objective of General Interest -- 2.3.4 Proportionality in View of the Objective -- 2.3.4.1 The Criterion of Appropriateness -- 2.3.4.2 The Criterion of Necessity -- 2.3.4.3 Proportionality in the Narrower Sense -- 2.3.4.3.1 Retention of Personal Data -- 2.3.4.3.2 Access to Personal Data -- 2.3.4.3.3 Use of Personal Data -- 2.3.4.3.4 Transfer of Personal Data -- 2.3.4.4 Proportionality with Respect to Data Security -- 2.3.4.5 Proportionality with Respect to the Rights of Individuals -- 2.3.4.6 Proportionality with Respect to the Oversight Mechanism -- Conclusion -- 3 Birth of PNR Data and the EU-US PNR Agreement -- Introduction -- 1 Genesis of PNR Data -- 2 PNR Data and Counter-Terrorism: The History behind the EU-US PNR Agreement -- 3 The EU-US PNR Agreement -- 3.1 Legal Basis of the EU-US PNR Agreement -- 3.2 Terms of the EU-US PNR Agreement -- 3.2.1 Scope of the EU-US PNR Agreement -- 3.2.2 Purpose of the EU-US PNR Agreement -- 3.2.3 PNR Data Transfers under the EU-US PNR Agreement -- 3.2.3.1 Method of Transfer -- 3.2.3.2 Categories of pnr Data to be Transferred -- 3.2.3.3 Sensitive Data -- 3.2.4 Retention Period -- 3.2.5 Recipients of PNR Data -- 3.2.6 Data Security -- 3.2.7 Rights of Individuals -- 3.2.7.1 Access -- 3.2.7.2 Rectification -- 3.2.7.3 Redress -- 3.2.7.4 Information -- 3.2.8 Oversight Mechanism -- 3.2.9 Review of the EU-US PNR Agreement -- Conclusion.

1.2.2 Terrorism under US Law -- 1.2.3 Conclusive Remarks on the Definition of Terrorism -- 1.3 Enforcement against Cross-Border Criminality and Terrorism: EU-US Mutual Legal Assistance Agreement -- 2 The Border as the Making of States and Citizens -- 2.1 Containment of Cross-Border Crimes and Terrorism through Border Controls -- 2.1.1 EU Border Control: Wrapping Free Movement around Security Interests -- 2.1.2 US Border Control: The Coming of Homeland Security -- 2.1.3 Conclusive Remarks on Border Controls and Terrorism -- 2.2 Securing Borders through Virtual Identities -- Conclusion -- Conclusion -- 1 The EU-US PNR Agreement: The Story of a Cooperation Out of a Conflict of Laws -- 2 In Search of a Suspicion Requirement -- 3 Substantive Assessment of the EU-US PNR Agreement -- 4 Further Questions on the EU-US PNR Agreement as Part of Border Management.

4 From Theory to Practice -- What Is the Added Value of PNR Data? -- Introduction -- 1 The Main Database for PNR Data: Automated Targeting System -- 1.1 Automated Targeting System and Data-Processing Techniques -- 1.1.1 An Overview of the Types of Data-Processing Techniques -- 1.1.2 Automated Targeting System and Data-Processing Techniques -- 1.2 Automated Targeting System Data Sources -- 2 System under which PNR Data Are Used -- 2.1 Processing of the PNR Data -- 2.1.1 Comparison -- 2.1.2 Risk Assessment -- 2.2 Users of the System -- 2.3 Access to PNR Data -- 2.4 Sharing PNR Data with Other US Agencies -- 2.5 Sharing PNR Data Internationally -- 3 Expertise of Automated Targeting System Users -- Conclusion -- 5 Evaluation of the EU-US PNR Agreement with the European and EU Legal Framework for Privacy and Personal Data Protection -- Introduction -- 1 Evaluation of the PNR Agreement with the Right to Privacy and Personal Data Protection -- 1.1 Attracting the Protection of the Right to Privacy and Data Protection -- 1.2 Nature of the Interference by the pnr Agreement -- 2 Justification of the Interference by the PNR Agreement -- 2.1 The Legal Ground -- 2.2 The Respect of Essence of the Rights -- 2.3 Objective of General Interest -- 2.4 Proportionality in View of the Objective 174 2.4.1 Appropriateness of the pnr Agreement with Respect to Counter-Terrorism -- 2.4.2 Necessity of the PNR Agreement with Respect to Counter-Terrorism -- 2.4.3 Proportionality in the Narrower Sense -- 2.4.3.1 Purposes of PNR Data Processing -- 2.4.3.2 Rules on the Transfer of PNR Data -- 2.4.3.2.1 Method of Transfer -- 2.4.3.2.2 Categories of PNR Data to be Transferred -- 2.4.3.3 Rules on the Use of PNR Data -- 2.4.3.3.1 Real-Time Use of pnr Data upon Arrival -- 2.4.3.3.2 Historical Use of pnr Data: From Arrival until After Departure -- 2.4.3.4 Rules on the Retention of pnr Data -- 2.4.3.5 Rules on Access to PNR Data -- 2.4.3.6 Onward Transfer of PNR Data -- 2.4.4 Proportionality with Respect to Rules on Data Security -- 2.4.5 Proportionality with Respect to Rights of Individuals -- 2.4.6 Proportionality with Respect to Oversight Mechanism -- Conclusion -- 6 The Border -- A Crossroads for Terrorists and Criminals? -- Introduction -- 1 The Border as the Reach of Criminal Jurisdiction -- 1.1 Substantive Cross-Border Crimes: Borrowing a Criminology Lexicon -- 1.1.1 EU Law and Cross-Border Crimes -- 1.1.2 US Law and Cross-Border Crimes -- 1.1.3 Conclusive Remarks on Cross-Border Crimes -- 1.2 Terrorism: Co-operation against an Unidentified Legal Phenomenon -- 1.2.1 Terrorism under EU Law.

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